游说集团
游说集团(英语:Lobbying),又称院外集团或政治游说,是尝试影响立法人员或立法机构成员的政治决定或行为。游说由许多不同类型的人员、组织与团体,包括私人机构、企业、部分已经同意游说目的的立法人员、政府人员或利益团体进行。游说人员可能是某个选举区的投票者或已经形成共识的某个团体,也可能是一家公司员工。专业的游说人员可以代表他们的客户去影响立法、行政法规、政府决策、行为或政策。个人或非营利组织也可能进行游说,比如一家公司总裁为了一项计划与某位代表会谈,一个积极份子可能为了某个理念跟立法人员倡议某项法案,政府时常会界定并管制有影响力的游说团体。
美国
美国议会政治中很有代表性的政治现象。很多为利益集团代言、也有不少游说集团也同时为公众利益代言,对拥有立法权的参议院、众议院两院的议员进行游说,并从受益集团获取经济利益,这在美国的政治中心城市已经形成了一个产业链。其代表人物是杰克·阿布拉莫夫,有美国游说业「教父」之称。
相关
参考文献
- P. L. Petrillo, Form of government and lobbying in UE and UK, in (march, 2013) (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, ISBN 978-3-527-50597-5, Wiley VCH 2011
- Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, ISBN 3-9811316-0-6, Helios Media GmbH, 2006
- GLOSSARY - Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry
- The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction
- The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed
- Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion
- Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call
- The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying
- Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)
- Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000.
- Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code, PDF (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union, Arbeitspapiere und Materialien - Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆). February 2006 (PDF)
- Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes: Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆), Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆) 1/ 2010, S. 112-122
- Lobbying. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 22 December 2005 [2007-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-03).
- Police loans inquiry is widenened. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 30 March 2006 [2007-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2007-03-15).
延伸阅读
外部连接
- 《大英百科全书》中的条目:Lobbying (Politics)
美国
- Lobbyists.info (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆) - The largest, comprehensive database of 22,000 registered lobbyists. Contains searchable profiles of lobbyists and government relations professionals, their clients and issues.
- Top 25 Lobbying Groups. [2017-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2002-12-03). - Fortune listed the top 25 lobbying groups in 1999.
- LobbyWatch - a project of the Center for Public Integrity with reports on lobbyists and lobbying efforts as well as a searchable database.
- OpenSecrets.org (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- NoLobby.com - Capitalism Magazine mini-site. Opposes lobbying restrictions on free speech grounds.
- The Citizen's Guide to the U.S. Government - an online tutorial containing information for individuals who wish to address issues with their elected officials.
- Free Speech National Right to Life page containing documents opposing excessive regulation of "lobbying" as infringement on "right to petition" guaranteed by the First Amendment.
- Public Affairs Links
- First Street Research Group powered by https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155817/http://firststreet.cqpress.com/ - reports and analysis on the lobbying industry
- US Senate Lobbying-Database Search (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
欧洲
- Public Affairs Jobs HQ - news, jobs for lobbyists and policy professionals (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- The Lobby Ticker (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆) - website of independent Austrian MEP Hans-Peter Martin with original lobbyist invitations and voting recommendations he received
- Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- PubAffairs - the public affairs network (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- Public Affairs World (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- LobbyPlanet website
- Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU) (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- EuroBrussels, the European Affairs Jobsite (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- euroXpress www.euroxpress.es (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- Spinwatch (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆)
- The New EU, European Affairs Jobs Community
- Alliance for Lobbying Transparency (页面存档备份,存于网际网路档案馆) - UK based campaign
- OECD: Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability 7–8 June 2007