日本-琉球语系

日本-琉球语系
	Japanese-Ryukyuan
使用族群	大和族、琉球族
地理分布	日本、琉球、帛琉
谱系学分类	世界主要语系之一
分支	日语琉球语
ISO 639-5	jpx
	–
Glottolog	japo1237

日本-琉球语系（英语：Japanese-Ryukyuan languages），或称日本语系（英语：Japonic languages），是世界主要语系之一，包含日语和琉球语两大分支，使用人口约1.25亿。

介绍

关于日本语与其它语言和语系的关系到目前为止由学者们提出过许多理论:

日琉语系：日琉语系这个概念最早由美国的日本学者莱昂·塞拉芬提出^[2]，后来这一概念受到国际语言学者的普遍接受，根据日琉同祖论，日琉语系的所有语言的祖语都是原始日语(Proto-Japonic)^[3]。

孤立语言：有些日本学者认为琉球语是日语的方言，称之为琉球方言，但大部分语言学家认为日语和琉球语是两个属于同语系但有很大区别的语言，各有各的方言。服部四郎认为，日语和琉球语分化的时间为大和时代^[4]。

澳台语系：南岛语与日语也有类似点：元音(母音)有5个，即あ(a)、い(i)、う(u)、え(e)、お(o)，不使用双重元音；单词以元音结束；浊音不同於单词之首等，但日本语与南岛语系语言之间缺乏同源词汇。

扶余语系：克里斯多福·贝克威思提出了扶余语系的假说，认为高句丽语、百济语、新罗语、古日语等古代语言可能同源。

汉藏语系：西田龙雄认为日语属于汉藏语系藏缅语族。

阿尔泰语系：持阿尔泰超语系假说的人认为日语属于阿尔泰语系，但该语系已经在主流学术界上被否定^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]。不过，仍有少数学者支持存在这个语系^[10]。因此是否存在这个语系，学术界直到现在都存在争议。

达罗毗荼语系：大野晋认为日本语属于达罗毗荼语系。

分类

日语

日语（jpn）
- 八丈方言
- 东日本方言
  - 北海道方言
  - 东北方言
    - 北奥羽方言
    - 南奥羽方言
  - 关东方言
    - 东关东方言
    - 西关东方言
    - 东京方言
  - 东海东山方言
    - 长野、山梨、静冈方言
    - 越后方言
    - 岐阜、爱知方言
- 西日本方言
  - 北陆方言
  - 近畿方言
  - 四国方言
  - 中国方言
    - 东山阳方言
    - 西中国方言
    - 东山阴方言
  - 云伯方言
- 九州方言
  - 丰日方言
  - 肥筑方言
  - 萨隅方言
- 琉球日语
  - 冲绳日语

琉球语

琉球语（JPB）
- 奄美－冲绳方言（北琉球方言）（amok^{[失效连结]}; JPBA）
  - 北部（naok^{[失效连结]}; JPBAA）
    - 北奄美方言（ryn）
    - 南奄美方言（ams）
    - 喜界岛方言（kzg）
    - 德之岛方言（tkn）
  - 南部（saok^{[失效连结]}; JPBAB）
    - 冲永良部岛方言（okn）
    - 与论岛方言（yox）
    - 国头方言（xug）
    - 首里－那霸中央方言（ryu）
- 先岛方言（南琉球方言）（saki^{[失效连结]}; JPBB）
  - 宫古方言（mvi）
    - 宫古次方言
    - 伊良部次方言
  - 八重山方言（rys）
    - 石垣岛次方言
    - 西表岛次方言
    - 竹富岛次方言
  - 与那国方言（yoi）

人造语言

《星界的纹章》中所用的人工语言亚维语亦被其作者归入本语系内。

参见

参考文献

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). 日本-琉球语系. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ Shimabukuro, Moriyo. (2007). The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction, p. 1.
^ Miyake, Marc Hideo. (2008). Old Japanese: a Phonetic Reconstruction. p.的 66.，第66页，于Google图书
^ Heinrich, Patrick. "What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands," （页面存档备份，存于网际网路档案馆） First International Small Island Cultures Conference at Kagoshima University, Centre for the Pacific Islands, February 7–10, 2005; citing Shiro Hattori. (1954) Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), Gengo kenkyu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), Vols. 26/27.
^ "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.
^ "When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg. 4.
^ "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. 32.
^ "...[T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages--a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent", Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp. 211-216).
^ Georg et al. 1999: （页面存档备份，存于网际网路档案馆） 73–74
^ Stefan Georg, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, and Paul J. Sidwell (1999): "Telling general linguists about Altaic （页面存档备份，存于网际网路档案馆）". Journal of Linguistics, volume 35, issue 1, pages 65–98.

外部连结

（英文）Ethnologue上的有关日琉语系的报告（页面存档备份，存于网际网路档案馆）

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). 日本-琉球语系. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[2] Shimabukuro, Moriyo. (2007). The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction, p. 1.

[3] Miyake, Marc Hideo. (2008). Old Japanese: a Phonetic Reconstruction. p.的 66.，第66页，于Google图书

[4] Heinrich, Patrick. "What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands," （页面存档备份，存于网际网路档案馆） First International Small Island Cultures Conference at Kagoshima University, Centre for the Pacific Islands, February 7–10, 2005; citing Shiro Hattori. (1954) Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), Gengo kenkyu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), Vols. 26/27.

[5] "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.

[6] "When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg. 4.

[7] "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. 32.

[8] "...[T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages--a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent", Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp. 211-216).

[9] Georg et al. 1999: （页面存档备份，存于网际网路档案馆） 73–74

[georg1999-10] Stefan Georg, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, and Paul J. Sidwell (1999): "Telling general linguists about Altaic （页面存档备份，存于网际网路档案馆）". Journal of Linguistics, volume 35, issue 1, pages 65–98.

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日本-琉球语系

介绍

分类

日语

琉球语

人造语言

参见

参考文献

外部连结

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