常春藤盟校

Ivy League ; (Ivies, Ancient Eight)
建立时间	1954
所属协会	国家大学体育协会
赛区	NCAA第一级别 FCS
成员	8
队伍人数	33 （男性: 17；女性: 16）
地区	美国东北部
总部	纽泽西普林斯顿
会长	Robin Harris （始于2009）
网址	ivyleaguesports.com
区域

常春藤联盟（Ivy League）是由美国东北部8所大学或独立学院所组成的联盟。常春藤联盟最初是1954年这8所学校组成的体育赛事联盟。目前常春藤联盟一词，已用于指称由这8所学校组成的精英大学联盟，具有良好学术声望、严格入学标准以及社会精英主义的内涵。

成员

学院名称	地址	成立年代	创校宗教派系
哈佛大学^[7]	麻萨诸塞州剑桥	1636创立之初名为新学院	克尔文派（主要是公理会信徒、清教徒）；也有少部分一位神论派的
耶鲁大学	康乃狄克州纽哈芬	1701创立之初名为学院学校	克尔文派（公理会）
普林斯顿大学	纽泽西州普林斯顿	1746名为纽泽西学院	无宗派，但是由克尔文派信徒创建（长老教会）^[8]。
哥伦比亚大学	纽约州纽约市	1754名为国王学院 (King's college)	由圣公会创立。
宾州大学	宾夕法尼亚州费城	1740创立之初费城教会慈善学院(Church and Charity School of Philadelphia)^[9]	无宗派，但是由英国圣公会成员建立^[10]。
布朗大学	罗德岛州普洛威顿斯	1764名为英属罗德岛和普洛文德斯殖民地学院。	浸信会，但是成立章程写明不从事宗教活动并且信仰自由。
达特茅斯学院	新罕布夏州汉诺瓦	1769	克尔文派（公理教会）
康乃尔大学	纽约州绮色佳	1865	无宗派

历史

常春藤联盟的前身是一个非正式的大学美式足球赛事，起源于1900年，当年耶鲁大学捧得首个冠军。多年来美国陆军学院和空军学院也曾参加过常春藤的美式足球比赛，但是在联盟正式成立前不久退出。

直到1936年，体育专栏作家John Kieran就注意到哈佛大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、普林斯顿大学、耶鲁大学、哥伦比亚大学、康乃尔大学、达特茅斯学院的校刊学生编辑们在提倡建立一个顶级学院的体育竞赛协会，以代表社会精英群体。1937年纽约的《先驱论坛报》首次用长在墙上的常春藤的比喻来形容这些参加美式足球比赛的学校；1945年8所大学的体育教练们签署了首个常春藤协议，为8支参赛的美式足球队设立了学术、财政和运动标准。1954年这项协议被扩展到其他所有运动，该年也被认为是常春藤联盟正式成立的年份。

成员特点

这8所学校有着许多共同的特点：

产生最多罗德奖学金得主
建立于美国独立以前（除了康乃尔大学之外）
私人办学（但同时接受政府资助和私人捐赠，与公立大学一样，例如康乃尔大学有4所学院是完全由政府支持的。）
新教背景
- 殖民时期纽约的英格兰教会国王学院在独立战争中分裂，并被改革为无宗派的哥伦比亚大学。在19世纪早期，尽管克尔文派牧师都是由宗教团体培养的，但是每个常青藤学校仍然有很强的宗教控制成分，比如每个学校都强制的礼拜活动一直延续到20世纪才终止。宾州大学和布朗大学虽然建立之初是以非宗教学校建立的，但是比如布朗的董事会却是22个浸信会教徒、5个贵格会教徒、4个公理会教徒和5个圣公会教徒。唯一只有康乃尔大学保持了非宗教的独立性，即便如此，校园内的多个教堂也是主要建筑。

直到19世纪60年代，除了康乃尔大学以外，其他学校都是仅招收男性学员，最晚的哥伦比亚在1983才开始和女子大学联合办学，引入了女性。二战后，这些常青藤学校开始逐渐放松了门槛（人种和性别），至今常春藤盟校每年吸引拥有不同专长的高中毕业生。^[11]自2000年起，每所学校的录取率从6%到16%不等，被录取生以来自新英格兰地区（美国的东北部）的学生占多数。^[12]^[13]^[14]

录取率统计表（2015级） ^[15]
	申请人数	录取率
布朗大学	30,432	8.5%^[16]
哥伦比亚大学	32,952	6.1%^[17]
康乃尔大学	43,041	14.9%^[18]
达特茅斯学院	19,296	10.3%^[19]
哈佛大学	34,295	5.3%^[20]
宾州大学	37,268	9.9%^[21]
普林斯顿大学	26,641	7.0%^[22]
耶鲁大学	30,932	6.1%^[23]

学生构成

学生种族背景统计表(2011年数据)^[24]
	亚裔美国人	非裔美国人	拉丁裔美国人	非拉丁裔白种人	其他种族	未知
布朗大学	14%	6%	10%	45%	14%	11%
哥伦比亚大学	15%	8%	13%	41%	17%	6%
康乃尔大学	17%	6%	10%	46%	13%	10%
达特茅斯学院	14%	8%	9%	48%	13%	8%
哈佛大学	12%	7%	9%	45%	22%	6%
宾州大学	19%	7%	8%	46%	13%	7%
普林斯顿大学	18%	7%	8%	49%	15%	3%
耶鲁大学	15%	6%	8%	58%	5%	8%
美国全境^[25]	5%	13%	17%	63%	4%	暂无

常春藤的学生很多都来自美国的东北部地区，特别是纽约、波士顿，以及费城地区。因为常春藤的八所学校都坐落于东北部，所以大多数学生从学校毕业之后就在东北部工作、生活，这也不足为奇。哈佛大学2013年发布的调查指出，42%来自东北部地区的学生，和55%的全体学生都计划在东北部定居。一直以来，纽约和波士顿是毕业生工作生活的首选之地。^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

声望

人们经常会把常春藤盟校与美国的「华斯普」群体联系在一起。^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^{[需要解释]}事实上「华斯普」这个词本身就是在1964年出版的书《新教当权者：美国的贵族和社会等级》中被宾州大学教授波茨尔（E. Digby Baltzell）所推广。虽然常春藤盟校的学生都来自家境优越的上级阶层，也往往来自新英格兰，但目前的学生群体无论在家庭经济条件方面，还是种族、地域方面，都呈现了多样化的趋势^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]。学校也设有专门的补助金项目以资助那些家境不太好的学生。但有数据表明，在校生中的寒门子弟仍然是少数。^[39]^[40]^[41]

美国仅次于最早的哈佛的第二古老大学威廉和玛丽大学就是由爱丁堡大学的毕业生建立的。1766年建立的纽泽西州立大学（罗格斯大学）创始人几乎全是常青藤毕业生。现在美国西海岸最好的史丹福大学建校之初的教员和董事会则几乎全是康乃尔大学教员，包括其第一任校长David Starr Jordan。而美国西海岸最著名的加州大学系统的主要创始人则都是来自耶鲁大学，因此就连第一所学校的主色系都是耶鲁的代表色蓝色再加上加州闻名的金色^[42]。

美国总统母校

后来当上了美国总统的富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福与他的哈佛同学

迄今为止，44名曾担任美国总统的人士中，就有16名是毕业于常春藤盟校的。有8名总统是从哈佛大学毕业，5名从耶鲁大学毕业，3名（其中两名获得荣誉学位）从哥伦比亚大学毕业，2名从普林斯顿大学毕业，还有7名肄业，其中有3名是转校生：唐纳·川普总统从福坦莫大学（Fordham University）转至宾夕法尼亚大学，欧巴马总统从洛杉矶西方学院(Occidental College)转至哥伦比亚大学，而约翰·甘迺迪总统从联盟内的普林斯顿大学转至哈佛大学。而美国总统中第一个从常春藤盟校毕业的是约翰·亚当斯，1755年从哈佛大学毕业。

美国总统	就读学校	毕业年份
约翰·亚当斯	哈佛大学	1755
詹姆斯·麦迪逊	普林斯顿大学	1771
约翰·昆西·亚当斯	哈佛大学	1787
威廉·亨利·哈里森	宾州大学	肄业
拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯	哈佛大学法学院	1845
西奥多·罗斯福	哈佛大学哥伦比亚大学法学院	1880^[43]
威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱	耶鲁大学	1878
伍德罗·威尔逊	普林斯顿大学	1879
富兰克林·罗斯福	哈佛大学哥伦比亚大学法学院	1903 肄业
约翰·甘迺迪	哈佛大学	1940
杰拉尔德·福特	耶鲁大学法学院	1941
乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布希	耶鲁大学	1948
比尔·柯林顿	耶鲁大学法学院	1973
乔治·沃克·布希	耶鲁大学哈佛大学法学院	1968 1975
贝拉克·欧巴马	哥伦比亚大学哈佛大学法学院	1983 1991
唐纳·川普	宾州大学华顿商学院	1968

其他美国顶尖高校的代名词

美国大学协会创始校（包含6所常春藤盟校，和其他顶尖高校，如芝加哥大学、史丹福大学、密西根大学、以及柏克莱加州大学等）

参考文献

^ Executive Director Robin Harris. [2009-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-17）.
^ Princeton Campus Guide – Ivy League. [April 26, 2007]. （原始内容存档于March 22, 2010）.
^ The Benefits of the Ivy League – Crimson Education US. www.crimsoneducation.org. [May 7, 2020] （美国英语）.
^ Vedder, Richard. Does Attending Elite Colleges Make You Happy? Lessons From The Admissions Scandal. Forbes. [May 7, 2020] （英语）.
^ Gladwell, Malcolm. Getting In. The New Yorker. [May 7, 2020] （英语）.
^ Joint Ivy Statement on Admission Policies. Princeton University Admission. September 2, 2016 [May 7, 2020] （英语）.
^ The institution, though founded in 1636, did not receive its name until 1639. It was nameless for its first two years
^ University Chapel: Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University^{[失效连结]} 网际网路档案馆的存档，存档日期2008-02-23.
^ See 宾州大学 for details the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn's self-stated founding date of 1740 is a matter of longstanding controversy between Penn and Princeton boosters.
^ Protestant Episcopal Church - LoveToKnow 1911^{[失效连结]} 网际网路档案馆的存档，存档日期2010-12-29.
^ scandals: James Axtell, The Making of Princeton University（2006）, p.274; quoting a former executive director of the Ivy League
^ Waldman, Peter. How to Get Into an Ivy League College—Guaranteed. Bloomberg.com. 2014-09-04.
^ National University Rankings. U.S.News & World Report LP. [2011-05-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-21）.
^ Annicchiarico, Francesca; Weinstock, Samuel Y. Freshman Survey Part I: Meet Harvard's Class of 2017. The Harvard Crimson. 2013-09-03.
^ Nick Anderson, "Ivy League admission rate: 8-point-something-something-percent", The Washington Post March 28, 2014. Local references for the schools' statistics are footnoted at their entries
^ Jillian Lanney, "Brown admits record-low 8.6 percent", The Brown Daily Herald, March 31, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Jim Miller: 30,432 applied, 2,619 admitted, 8.61 percent
^ Samantha Cooney, "CC and SEAS admission decisions mailed this afternoon, 6.94 percent of applicants admitted", spectrum.columbiaspectator.com, March 27, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Jessica Marinaccio: 32,952 applied, 2,291 admitted, 6.953 percent. *Nick Anderson, op cit, used an applied number of 32,967, giving 6.949 percent
^ Annie Bui, "Cornell Admits Most Selective Class in University History", Cornell Daily Sun, March 28, 2014; sourcing associate vice provost for enrollment Jason C. Locke: 43,041 applied, 6,014 admitted, 13.97 percent
^ Zac Hardwick, "College accepts 11.5 percent of applicants", The Dartmouth, March 28, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Maria Laskaris: 19,296 applied, 2,220 admitted, 11.50 percent
^ Theodore R. Delwiche, "Harvard Makes Admissions Offers to 5.9 Percent of Applicants to the Class f 2018", The Harvard Crimson, March 27, 2014; sourcing admissions dean William R. Fitzsimmons: 34,295 applied, 2,023 admitted, 5.899 percent
^ Fiona Glisson, "Admission numbers released: The class of 2018 is the most competitive in Penn's history", The Daily Pennsylvanian, March 27, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Eric Furda: 35,868 applied, 3,583 admitted, 9.99 percent. *The Penn news-release figure of 9.9 percent (rounded down from 9.99 percent) was disputed in the Washington Post by higher education reporter Nick Anderson ("Ivy League admission rate: 8-point-something-something-percent", The Washington Post March 28, 2014), who published a rounded-up percentage of 10.0, supported by rounded-up figures released by Cornell, Harvard, Princeton, and Yale; Anderson's article was discussed in Penn's CollegeConfidential.com forum "University of Pennsylvania Class of 2018 Waitlist"
^ Corinne Lowe, "Princeton offers admission to 7.28 percent of applicants", The Daily Princetonian, March 27, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Janet Rapelye: 26,641 applied, 1,939 admitted, 7.28 percent
^ Rishabh Bhandari, "6.26 percent of applicants admitted to class of 2018", Yale Daily News, March 27, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Jeremiah Quinlan: 30,932 applied, 1,935 admitted, 6.26 percent
^ Ivy League Schools Don't Reflect U.S. Minority Ratios. www.nationaljournal.com. [2014-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-18）.
^ USA QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. U.S. Department of Commerce. 缺少或|url=为空 (帮助);
^ The Harvard Crimson. The Harvard Crimson, Inc. [2014-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-23）.
^ Here's Where Ivy League Students Go When They Graduate [Presentation]. Business Insider. 2012-06-29 [2014-10-08].
^ Why Do So Many Ivy League Grads Go to Wall Steet?. The Atlantic. 2012-02-17 [2014-10-08].
^ The Ivy League in the Age of Obama. The American Conservative. [2014-10-08].
^ The Best and the Greediest? Ivy League Students Are Still Heading to Wall Street. Alternet. [2014-10-08].
^ Epstein, Joseph. Snobbery: The American Version. Houghton Mifflin. 2003. ISBN 0-618-34073-4. p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern 预科学校, the Ivy League colleges, and the 美国圣公会 among them." and Wolff, Robert Paul. The Ideal of the University. Transaction Publishers. 1992. ISBN 1-56000-603-X. p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique."
^ The Associated Press. Yale Jinx Overcome, Dartmouth Now Seeks To Break Spell Cast by Princeton Teams. The New York Times. 1935-10-05: 35.
^ Auchincloss, Louis. East Side Story. Houghton Mifflin. 2004. ISBN 0-618-45244-3. p. 179, "he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges"
^ McDonald, Janet. Project Girl. University of California Press. 2000. ISBN 0-520-22345-4. p. 163 "Newsweek is a morass of incest, nepotism, elitism, racism and utter classic white male patriarchal corruption.... It is completely Ivy League—a Vassar/Columbia J-School dumping ground... I will always be excluded, regardless of how many Ivy League degrees I acquire, because of the next level of hurdles: family connections and money."
^ Epstein, Joseph. Snobbery: The American Version. Houghton Mifflin. 2003. ISBN 0-618-34073-4. p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern prep schools, the Ivy League colleges, and the Episcopal Church among them." and Wolff, Robert Paul. The Ideal of the University. Transaction Publishers. 1992. ISBN 1-56000-603-X. p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique."
^ Greenblatt, Alan. The End Of WASP-Dominated Politics. NPR.org. 2012-09-19.
^ Orlet, Christopher. Missing the WASPs. The American Spectator. 2012-08-23 [2016-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-07）.
^ Feldman, Noah. The Triumphant Decline of the WASP. The New York Times. 2010-06-27.
^ Hayes, Robin J. Why Ivy League Schools Are So Bad at Economic Diversity. The Atlantic. February 2014.
^ Time magazine, Noliwe M. Rooks, Feb. 27, 2013, The Biggest Barrier to Elite Education Isn’t Affordability. It’s Accessibility （页面存档备份，存于网际网路档案馆）, Retrieved Aug. 27, 2014, "...accessibility of these schools to students who are poor, minority ... the weight that Ivy League and other highly selective schools...unfortunate set of circumstances ... gifted minority, poor and working class students can benefit most from the educational opportunities..."
^ August 26, 2014 , Boston Globe (via NY Times), A Generation Later, Poor are Still Rare at Elite Colleges, Retrieved Aug. 30, 2014, "more elite group of 28 private colleges and universities, including all eight Ivy League members, ... from 2001 to 2009, ... enrollment of students from the bottom 40 percent of family incomes increased from just 10 percent to 11 percent...."
^ Resource: Student history 网际网路档案馆的存档，存档日期2010-09-09.
^ Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees, September 26, 2008]

外部连结

[1] Executive Director Robin Harris. [2009-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-17）.

[2] Princeton Campus Guide – Ivy League. [April 26, 2007]. （原始内容存档于March 22, 2010）.

[3] The Benefits of the Ivy League – Crimson Education US. www.crimsoneducation.org. [May 7, 2020] （美国英语）.

[4] Vedder, Richard. Does Attending Elite Colleges Make You Happy? Lessons From The Admissions Scandal. Forbes. [May 7, 2020] （英语）.

[5] Gladwell, Malcolm. Getting In. The New Yorker. [May 7, 2020] （英语）.

[6] Joint Ivy Statement on Admission Policies. Princeton University Admission. September 2, 2016 [May 7, 2020] （英语）.

[7] The institution, though founded in 1636, did not receive its name until 1639. It was nameless for its first two years

[8] University Chapel: Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University^{[失效连结]} 网际网路档案馆的存档，存档日期2008-02-23.

[9] See 宾州大学 for details the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn's self-stated founding date of 1740 is a matter of longstanding controversy between Penn and Princeton boosters.

[10] Protestant Episcopal Church - LoveToKnow 1911^{[失效连结]} 网际网路档案馆的存档，存档日期2010-12-29.

[11] scandals: James Axtell, The Making of Princeton University（2006）, p.274; quoting a former executive director of the Ivy League

[12] Waldman, Peter. How to Get Into an Ivy League College—Guaranteed. Bloomberg.com. 2014-09-04.

[13] National University Rankings. U.S.News & World Report LP. [2011-05-11]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-21）.

[14] Annicchiarico, Francesca; Weinstock, Samuel Y. Freshman Survey Part I: Meet Harvard's Class of 2017. The Harvard Crimson. 2013-09-03.

[15] Nick Anderson, "Ivy League admission rate: 8-point-something-something-percent", The Washington Post March 28, 2014. Local references for the schools' statistics are footnoted at their entries

[16] Jillian Lanney, "Brown admits record-low 8.6 percent", The Brown Daily Herald, March 31, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Jim Miller: 30,432 applied, 2,619 admitted, 8.61 percent

[17] Samantha Cooney, "CC and SEAS admission decisions mailed this afternoon, 6.94 percent of applicants admitted", spectrum.columbiaspectator.com, March 27, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Jessica Marinaccio: 32,952 applied, 2,291 admitted, 6.953 percent. *Nick Anderson, op cit, used an applied number of 32,967, giving 6.949 percent

[18] Annie Bui, "Cornell Admits Most Selective Class in University History", Cornell Daily Sun, March 28, 2014; sourcing associate vice provost for enrollment Jason C. Locke: 43,041 applied, 6,014 admitted, 13.97 percent

[19] Zac Hardwick, "College accepts 11.5 percent of applicants", The Dartmouth, March 28, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Maria Laskaris: 19,296 applied, 2,220 admitted, 11.50 percent

[20] Theodore R. Delwiche, "Harvard Makes Admissions Offers to 5.9 Percent of Applicants to the Class f 2018", The Harvard Crimson, March 27, 2014; sourcing admissions dean William R. Fitzsimmons: 34,295 applied, 2,023 admitted, 5.899 percent

[21] Fiona Glisson, "Admission numbers released: The class of 2018 is the most competitive in Penn's history", The Daily Pennsylvanian, March 27, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Eric Furda: 35,868 applied, 3,583 admitted, 9.99 percent. *The Penn news-release figure of 9.9 percent (rounded down from 9.99 percent) was disputed in the Washington Post by higher education reporter Nick Anderson ("Ivy League admission rate: 8-point-something-something-percent", The Washington Post March 28, 2014), who published a rounded-up percentage of 10.0, supported by rounded-up figures released by Cornell, Harvard, Princeton, and Yale; Anderson's article was discussed in Penn's CollegeConfidential.com forum "University of Pennsylvania Class of 2018 Waitlist"

[22] Corinne Lowe, "Princeton offers admission to 7.28 percent of applicants", The Daily Princetonian, March 27, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Janet Rapelye: 26,641 applied, 1,939 admitted, 7.28 percent

[23] Rishabh Bhandari, "6.26 percent of applicants admitted to class of 2018", Yale Daily News, March 27, 2014; sourcing admissions dean Jeremiah Quinlan: 30,932 applied, 1,935 admitted, 6.26 percent

[24] Ivy League Schools Don't Reflect U.S. Minority Ratios. www.nationaljournal.com. [2014-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-18）.

[25] USA QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. U.S. Department of Commerce. 缺少或|url=为空 (帮助);

[26] The Harvard Crimson. The Harvard Crimson, Inc. [2014-10-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-23）.

[27] Here's Where Ivy League Students Go When They Graduate [Presentation]. Business Insider. 2012-06-29 [2014-10-08].

[28] Why Do So Many Ivy League Grads Go to Wall Steet?. The Atlantic. 2012-02-17 [2014-10-08].

[29] The Ivy League in the Age of Obama. The American Conservative. [2014-10-08].

[30] The Best and the Greediest? Ivy League Students Are Still Heading to Wall Street. Alternet. [2014-10-08].

[31] Epstein, Joseph. Snobbery: The American Version. Houghton Mifflin. 2003. ISBN 0-618-34073-4. p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern 预科学校, the Ivy League colleges, and the 美国圣公会 among them." and Wolff, Robert Paul. The Ideal of the University. Transaction Publishers. 1992. ISBN 1-56000-603-X. p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique."

[32] The Associated Press. Yale Jinx Overcome, Dartmouth Now Seeks To Break Spell Cast by Princeton Teams. The New York Times. 1935-10-05: 35.

[autogenerated1-33] Auchincloss, Louis. East Side Story. Houghton Mifflin. 2004. ISBN 0-618-45244-3. p. 179, "he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges"

[34] McDonald, Janet. Project Girl. University of California Press. 2000. ISBN 0-520-22345-4. p. 163 "Newsweek is a morass of incest, nepotism, elitism, racism and utter classic white male patriarchal corruption.... It is completely Ivy League—a Vassar/Columbia J-School dumping ground... I will always be excluded, regardless of how many Ivy League degrees I acquire, because of the next level of hurdles: family connections and money."

[35] Epstein, Joseph. Snobbery: The American Version. Houghton Mifflin. 2003. ISBN 0-618-34073-4. p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern prep schools, the Ivy League colleges, and the Episcopal Church among them." and Wolff, Robert Paul. The Ideal of the University. Transaction Publishers. 1992. ISBN 1-56000-603-X. p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique."

[36] Greenblatt, Alan. The End Of WASP-Dominated Politics. NPR.org. 2012-09-19.

[37] Orlet, Christopher. Missing the WASPs. The American Spectator. 2012-08-23 [2016-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-07）.

[38] Feldman, Noah. The Triumphant Decline of the WASP. The New York Times. 2010-06-27.

[theatlantic.com-39] Hayes, Robin J. Why Ivy League Schools Are So Bad at Economic Diversity. The Atlantic. February 2014.

[40] Time magazine, Noliwe M. Rooks, Feb. 27, 2013, The Biggest Barrier to Elite Education Isn’t Affordability. It’s Accessibility （页面存档备份，存于网际网路档案馆）, Retrieved Aug. 27, 2014, "...accessibility of these schools to students who are poor, minority ... the weight that Ivy League and other highly selective schools...unfortunate set of circumstances ... gifted minority, poor and working class students can benefit most from the educational opportunities..."

[41] August 26, 2014 , Boston Globe (via NY Times), A Generation Later, Poor are Still Rare at Elite Colleges, Retrieved Aug. 30, 2014, "more elite group of 28 private colleges and universities, including all eight Ivy League members, ... from 2001 to 2009, ... enrollment of students from the bottom 40 percent of family incomes increased from just 10 percent to 11 percent...."

[42] Resource: Student history 网际网路档案馆的存档，存档日期2010-09-09.

[43] Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees, September 26, 2008]

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